MAPPING OF ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN G.I. NEMATODES OF SMALL RUMINANTS OF UTTARAKHAND (updated)
Studies were undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against G.I. nematodes in various organized and unorganized sheep and goat farms of Uttarakhand using various assays viz. FECRT, EHA, and LDA for monitoring of anthelmintic resistance. Resistance in Haemonchus contortus was detected against Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Mebendazole, Levamisole, Rafoxanide and Closantel at various organized sheep and goat farms in Uttarakhand.
An allele-specific PCR was standardized to diagnose the mutation (Phe to Try) at residue 200 of the isotype 1 beta tubulin gene responsible for benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus adult and infective larvae. The technique was used for molecular characterization of benzimidazole susceptible and resistant strains of H. contortus. Benzimidazole resistance was found higher in organized flocks than semi-intensively managed flocks of tarai region than hills. Based on the results of evaluation of drugs against G.I. nematodes and their mapping thereof, rotation of drugs is suggested in deworming schedules in certain areas under study.
Based on the results of evaluation of drugs against G.I. nematodes and the mapping of prevalence of anthelmintic resistance thereof, rotation of drugs is suggested in deworming schedules in certain areas under study.
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED: DEWORMING SCHEDULES
Due to varied agro-climatic profile of Uttarakhand, the animals of the state are prone to a large number of parasitic infections. Strategic applications rather than haphazard treatment of animals infected with parasitic diseases are advisable to improve animal health, reduce cost of treatment and chemical hazards and development of drug resistances. Keeping this in mind, the epidemiological pattern of important helminth parasitic diseases viz. fasciolosis, amphistomosis and G. I. nematodosis in ruminants and equines in Uttarakhand has been established. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of Tarai and Hill regions of the state has been mapped. Based on epidemiological pattern of these parasitic diseases, area specific and host wise Deworming Schedules have been developed.
Region Wise Deworming Schedules
Tarai
Hills
Equines
Impact of Deworming: The animal owners of Uttarakhand have become aware of the prevalence of various parasitic diseases and their effects on animals and also the economic importance of these diseases as is evident from their responses during field interactions. Several of them have adopted these deworming schedules and this has helped them in enhancing their income.
| S.No. | Research work outcome | Screened medicinal plant(s) |
|---|---|---|
Hydroethanolic extracts of Melia. azedarach, Trianthema portulacastrum, Chenopodium album and Cuminum cyminum exert inhibitory effects on DMBA-induced mammary tumours which may be attributed to their phytochemicals with anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties  Chenopodium album 
Melia azedarach 
Trianthema portulacastrum |
 Cuminum cyminum |
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Erythrina variegata and Spondias pinnata @1 and 2 % in feed ameliorated cadmium chloride(100 ppm in drinking water) induced haemotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, oxidative stress and immunosuppression following simultaneous administration for 90 days in rats  Plate 3.1b Part of the tree of Spondias pinnata |
 Plate 3.1b Part of the tree of Erythrina variegata |
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| Hedychium spicatum has potent antioxidant and anthelmintic properties, and ameliorates PCM induced toxicity in HepG2 cell line model. The rhizome powder of Hedychium spicatum @ 2000 ppm and @ 4000 ppm produced significant amelioration in indoxacarb @ 250 ppm induced haemotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, oxidative stress and immunosuppression following administration for 16 weeks in WLH cockerels. |  Hedychium spicatum |
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| Pongamia pinnata hydroethanolic extracts at the dose rate of @ 200mg/kg significantly restored altered hematological, biochemical and elevated arthritic parameters in Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis. |  Pongamia pinnata |
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| Bacopa monneiri @ 200 mg/kg b.w.orally significantly ameliorated paracetamol and alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in rats and HepG2 cell line. |  Bacopa monneiri |
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| Cichorium intybus leaf extract @ 250 mg/kg bw orally reversed lead and nickel induced hemotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats and also reversed aletered gene expression and reproductive toxic effects in rats. |  Cichorium intybus |
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| Amaranthus hypochondriacus seed extract @ 100 mg/kg bw orally ameliorated fipronil induced hemotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, radiotoxic, oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity in rats. |  Amaranthus hypochondriacus |